Civil Engineering Surveying

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Survey or surveying is the art of making measurements and calculations which can determine the relative position of different objects, features and areas on the surface of earth. It is done in a manner that any object on the ground can be marked or represented on the map.
The primary objective of surveying is the preparation of a plan or a map.   
Major construction & civil engineering works such as dams, bridges, railroads and highways are controlled by surveying methods.
The measurements of a survey are linear or angular, and principles of geometry & trigonometry are usually applied.

 Principles of Surveying
The fundamental principle upon which the various methods of plane surveying are based can be stated under the following two aspects.


  1. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference
  2. Working from whole to part

Method of Surveying in Civil Engineering

Primary types of Surveying are:


Secondary classification of Surveying:
Surveys may be classified based on the nature of the field of survey, object of survey and instruments used.
1) Surveying based on Nature of Survey

  • Topographical Surveys
  • Hydrographic Survey
  • Land Survey
  • Aerial Survey
  • Engineering Survey
  • Mining surveying

2) Surveying based on Type of Instruments

  • Chain Surveying
  • Compass Surveying
  • Plane Table Surveying
  • Theodolite Surveying
  • Tacheometric  Surveying
  • Photographic Surveying

The applications of surveying may be explained in following points:
  1. To prepare the topographical map which shows hills, rivers, forests, valleys, etc.
  2. To prepare the engineering map showing engineering details like higways, railways, canals, dams, reservoirs, etc.
  3. To prepare the contour map to determine the best possible route and amount of earthwork required.
  4. To prepare the geographical and political map.
  5. To prepare archeological map showing the places where ancient relics may have lied.
  6. To prepare cadastrial map showing boundries of properties like houses, buildings, fields, colonies, etc.
  7. To prepare a military map showing different strategic points important for the defence of a country.

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